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West Midlands Local Skills Report Supporting Evidence 2022

Glossary

With acknowledgements to Alex Smith for his inputs on FE and apprenticeships data.

  1. Platt L. and Zuccotti C.V. (2021) Social mobility and ethnicity, IFS. https://ifs.org.uk/uploads/Social- mobility-and-ethnicity.pdf
  2. Higher tariff universities are those which have higher entry requirements. OFS. (2019). Topic briefing: Black and minority ethnic (BME) students. Office for Students.
  3. Boliver V. (2016) ‘Exploring Ethnic Inequalities in Admission to Russell Group Universities’, Sociology 50(2) 247–266.
  4. Universities UK and NUS (2019).
  5. Platt L. and Zuccotti C.V. (2021) op cit. 7 Defined here as the NUTS 1 region.
  6. Defined here as the NUTS 1 region.
  7. Brynin M. and Longhi S. (2015) The effect of occupation on poverty among ethnic minority groups, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York; Catney G. and Sabater A. (2015) Ethnic minority disadvantage in the labour market: participation, skills and geographical inequalities, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.
  8. Weekes-Bernard, D. (2017) Poverty and ethnicity in the labour market, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.
  9. Bracke P., Croxson K., Leary J. and Wood J. (2021). Covid-19 and the UK’s BME communities – an economic perspective. FCA Insight.
  10. Wilson T. and Papoutsaki D. (2021) An unequal crisis: the impact of the pandemic on the youth labour market, IES, The Youth Futures Foundation, The Blagrave Trust.
  11. Costa Dias M., Johnson-Watts E., Joyce R., Postel-Vinay F., Spittal P. and Xu X. (2021) Job opportunities during the pandemic, IFS Briefing Note BN335, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
  12. Public Health England (2020) ‘Beyond the data: Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on BME groups’, 16 June.
  13. House of Commons Library (2020) Coronavirus: Which key workers are most at risk? ̧ 2 June 2020.
  14. CoDE (2013) Ethnicity and deprivation in England: How likely are ethnic minorities to live in deprived neighbourhoods? University of Manchester.
  15. Hudson M., Netto G., Sosenko F., Noon M., de Lima P., Gilchrist A. and Kamenou-Aigbekaen,N. (2013) In-work poverty, ethnicity and workplace cultures. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.
  16. Longhi S. (2020) ‘A longitudinal analysis of ethnic unemployment differentials in the UK’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46(5), 879-892.
  17. Platt, L. and Zuccotti, C.V. (2021) op cit.
  18. LiY.and Heath A.(2020 ‘Persisting disadvantages: a study of labour market dynamics of ethnic unemployment and earnings in the UK (2009–2015)’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46(5), 857-878.
  19. Zwysen W., and Longhi S. (2018) ‘Employment and earning differences in the early career of ethnic minority British graduates: the importance of university career, parental background and area characteristics’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, 154–172.
  20. The opposite of an ‘ethnic penalty’ is an ‘ethnic premium’, which describes the case where a minority group fares better than a majority group.
  21. Zwysen W., Di Stasio V. and Heath A. (2021) ‘Ethnic Penalties and Hiring Discrimination: Comparing Results from Observational Studies with Field Experiments in the UK’, Sociology 55(2), 263–282.

  1. Shaw B., Menzies L., Bernardes E., Baars S., Nye P. and Allen R. (2016) Ethnicity, gender and social mobility, Social Mobility Commission.

  2. Cooper K. (2021) Ethnic inequalities in England on the eve of the pandemic, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion (CASE), London School of Economics and Political Science.

  3. Moote J. and Archer L. (2016). ‘Failing to deliver? Exploring the current status of career education provision in England’, Research Papers in Education 33(2), 187-215.

  4. Beck V., Fuller A. and Unwin L. (2006) ‘Safety in Stereotypes? The impact of race and gender on young people's perceptions of their post-compulsory education and labour market opportunities’, British Education Research Journal 32(5), 667-686.

  5. At the time of writing data from the 2021 Census is not available and the BME share of the population is likely to have increased since 2011.

  6. Murphy H. and Jones E. (2021) Apprenticeships at Level 4 and above, Learning and Work Institute, Leicester.

  7. Murphy H. and Jones E. (2021) op cit.

  8. Britton J., Dearden L., and Waltmann B. (2021) ‘The returns to undergraduate degrees by socioeconomic group and ethnicity’, Department for Education Research Report.

  9. Data are from the Annual Population Survey – see Employment - GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures (ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk) (accessed 7/11/21).

  10. Dey, M., White, C. and Kaur, S. (2021) The pay and progression of women of colour, Fawcett Society.

  11. Data are from the Annual Population Survey – see Employment - GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures (ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk) (accessed 7/11/21).

  12. Jivraj S. and Khan O. (2013) Ethnicity and deprivation in England: How likely are ethnic minorities to live in deprived neighbourhoods. CoDE, University of Manchester.

  1. Henehan K. and Rose H. (2018) Opportunities Knocked? Exploring Pay Penalties among the UK’s Ethnic Minorities. Resolution Foundation.

  2. Judge L. and Tomlinson D. (2016) Secret agents. Agency workers in the new world of work. The Resolution Foundation.

  3. Henehan K. and Rose H. (2018) op cit.

  4. Women's Budget Group (2021). Pushed to More Precarity: The uneven impact of lockdowns on mothers and low-income parents. Pushed to More Precarity: The uneven impact of lockdowns on mothers and lower income parents - Women's Budget Group (wbg.org.uk)

  5. Khattab, N. and Hussein, S. (2018) Can religious affiliation explain the disadvantage of Muslim women in the British labour market?, Work, Employment and Society 32(6), 1011-1028

  6. McGregor-Smith, R. (2017) Race in the workplace: the McGregor-Smith Review. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, London.

  7. Department for Work and Pensions (2019) Interventions supporting ethnic minority labour market participation: part one.

  8. With acknowledgements to Alex Smith and Abigail Taylor, WMREDI, for their inputs.

  9. Clayton N. and Evans S. (2021) Learning at work: Employer Investment in Skills, Learning and Work Institute. https://learningandwork.org.uk/resources/research-and-reports/learning-at-work-employer-investment-in-skills/

  10. Blundell R., Cribb J., McNally S., Warwick R. and Xu X. (2021) Inequalities in education, skills, and incomes in the UK: The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, Institute for Fiscal Studies.

  1. Aldridge F., Jones E. and Southgate D. (2020) Learning through lockdown: Findings from the 2020 Adult Participation in Learning Survey, Learning and Work Institute. https://learningandwork.org.uk/resources/research-and-reports/

  2. Winterbotham M., Kik G., Selner S., Menys R., Stroud S. and Whittaker S. (2020) Employer Skills Survey 2019:

    Research report, Department for Education. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/

  3. 47  Green A. (2016) Low skill traps in sectors and geographies: underlying factors and means of escape, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/593923/LowSkillsTraps-_final. pdf; Green A., Sissons P., Broughton K. and Qamar A. (2021) ‘Public policy for addressing the low-skills low-wage trap: insights from business case studies in the Birmingham city-region, UK’, Regional Studies 55(2), 333–344.

  4. Clery E., Dewar L. and Bivand P. (2020) Untapped talent: single parents and in-work progression – the national picture, Gingerbread. https://www.gingerbread.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gingerbread-Untapped-Talent- Report-D2.pdf

  1. Lössbroek J. and Radl J. (2019) ‘Teaching older workers new tricks: workplace practices and gender training differences in nine European countries’, Ageing and Society 39(10), 2170-2193.

  2. Bosworth D. (2015) Opportunities and outcomes in education and work: Gender effects, UK Commission for Employment and Skills. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/477360/UKCES_Gender_Effects.pdf

  3. Davies C. (2019) Exploring positive action as a tool to address under-representation in apprenticeships, Equality and Human Rights Commission. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/research- report-123-positive-action-apprenticeships.pdf

  1. British Council (2016) Gender Equality and Employment of Women and Girls in the UK: Meeting the challenge of the Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/gender_equality_ and_empowerment_in_the_uk.pdf

  2. Young E., Wajcman J. and Sprejer L. (2021) Where are the Women? Mapping the Gender Job Gap in AI. Policy Briefing: Full Report, The Alan Turing Institute. https://www.turing.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-03/ where-are-the-women_public-policy_full-report.pdf

  3. Cassidy R., Cattan S., Crawford C. and Dytham S. (2018) How can we increase girls’ uptake of maths and physics A-level? Institute of Fiscal Studies. https://ifs.org.uk/uploads/R149%20with%20cover.1.pdf

  4. McNally S. (2020) ‘Gender Differences in Tertiary Education: What Explains STEM Participation?’, CEP Discussion Paper 1721, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics. https://cep.lse.ac.uk/ pubs/download/dp1721.pdf; Armitage L., Bourne M., Di Simone J., Jones A. and Neave S. (2020) Engineering UK 2020: educational pathways into engineering, Engineering UK. https://www.engineeringuk.com/ media/196594/engineering-uk-report-2020.pdf

  5. McNally S. (2020) op cit.

  6. Young et al. (2021) op cit.

  7. Arad Research (2020) Baseline evidence and research project for gender equality in STEM: final report 1 – literature review. Report for Welsh Government Office for Science. https://gov.wales/sites/default/ files/publications/2020-11/baseline-evidence-and-research-project-for-gender-equality-in-stem-final-report- literature-review.pdf

  1. Blundell R., Goll D., Costa-Dias M. and Meghir C. (2019) ‘Wages, Experience and Training of Women over the Lifecycle’, IZA Discussion Paper 12310.

  2. Timewise and EY (2017) Flexible Working: A Talent Imperative Research Study into the UK Workforce: Who wants flexibility, For what reasons, and How much it matters to them. https://timewise.co.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2019/06/Flexible_working_Talent_Imperative.pdf

  3. Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities (2021) Independent Report: Education and Training.

  4. Jackson M., Kiernan K. and McLanahan S. (2017) ‘Maternal education, changing family circumstances and children’s skill development in the United State and UK’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 674(1), 59-84.

  5. In the case of TechTalent Academy Characteristics can include secure work, flexible work, the real living wage, engagement and voice, recruitment, people management and health & well-being (taken from the Greater Manchester Good Employment Charter – see https://www.gmgoodemploymentcharter.co.uk/the-charter)

  1. Cominetti N. (2021) A U-shaped crisis: The impact of the Covid-19 crisis on older workers, Resolution Foundation.

  2. Banks J., Blundell R., Bozio A. Emmerson C. (2008) ‘Releasing Jobs for the Young? Early Retirement and Youth Unemployment in the United Kingdom’, IFS Working Paper W10/02.

  3. Cominetti N. (2021) op cit.

  4. Thurley D., Mackley A. and McInnes R. (2021) ‘Increases in the State Pension age for women born in the 1950s’, House of Commons Library Number 7405.

  5. Cebr (2021) Over 50s in the labour market: A report for Legal & General. Cebr.

  6. Martin J.P. (2018) ‘Live longer, work longer: the changing nature of the labour market for older workers in OECD countries’, IZA Discussion Paper 11510.

  1. Brewer M., McCurdy C. and Slaughter H. (2021) Begin again? Assessing the permanent implications of Covid-19 for the UK’s labour market, The Economy 2030 Inquiry, The Resolution Foundation, London.

  2. Cominetti N. (2021) op cit.

  3. Institute for Employment Studies (2021) Labour Market Statistics, December 2021 – IES Briefing, IES, Brighton.

  4. Brewer M. et al. (2021) op cit.

  5. Institute for Employment Studies (2021) op cit.

  6. Casey A. and Murphy R. (2021) Changing trends and recent shortages in the labour market, UK: 2016 to 2021, Office for National Statistics.

  1. Crawford R., Cribb J., Karjalainen H. and O’Brien L. (2021) ‘Changing patterns of work at older ages’, IFS Report R192, Institute for Fiscal Studies.

  2. Cominetti N. (2021) op cit.

  3. Crawford R. et al. (2021) op cit.

  4. Platts L.G., Corna L.M., Worts D., McDonough P., Price D. and Glaser K. (2019) ‘Returns to work after retirement: a prospective study of un-retirement in the United Kingdom’, Ageing and Society 39(3), 439-464.

  1. Boys J. (2019) Megatrends: Ageing Gracefully – the opportunities of an older workforce, CIPD, London.

  2. Crawford R. et al. (2021) op cit.

  1. Cory G. (2012) Unfinished Business: Barriers and opportunities for older workers, Resolution Foundation, London; Centre for Ageing Better (2017) Addressing worklessness and job insecurity amongst people aged 50 and over in Greater Manchester, Centre for Ageing Better.

  2. Cebr (2021) op cit.

  3. Cebr (2021) op cit.

  4. Crawford et al. (2021) op cit.

  1. Ageing Better (2021) Too much experience: Older workers’ perceptions of ageism in the recruitment process, Ageing Better.

  2. Shift (2021) Redundancy and retraining research by Shift for Ageing Better.

  3. Centre for Ageing Better (2021) Shut out: How employers and recruiters are overlooking the talents of over 50s workers.

  1. Lössbroek J. and Radl J. (2019) ‘Teaching older workers new tricks: workplace practices and gender training differences in nine European countries’, Ageing and Society 39(10), 2170-2193.

  2. Henehan K. (2020) Can training help workers change their stripes? Retraining and career change in the UK, Resolution Foundation.

  3. Shift (2021) op cit.

  4. Murray M. (2017) Spotlight on lifelong learning for an ageing workforce, Skills Commission.

  5. Learning and Work Institute (2020) op cit.

  6. Shift (2021) op cit.

  7. Evans S. and Aldridge F. (2021) Fast forward? Where next for the labour market, Learning and Work Institute.

  8. Petrie K. (2020) Work, education, skills and the 100-year life: how can policymakers ensure the workforce is ready for extreme longevity? Social Market Foundation.

  9. Cebr (2021) op cit.

  10. Crawford et al. (2021) op cit.

  11. Learning and Work Institute (2020) A mid-life employment crisis: How COVID-19 will affect the job prospects of older workers, Centre for Ageing Better.

  12. Cominetti et al. (2021) op cit.

  13. ONS (2021) Which groups find it hardest to find a job following a period out of work?

  1. Cominetti et al. (2021) op cit.

  2. Shift (2021) op cit.

  3. Crawford et al. (2021) op cit.

  4. Shift (2021) op cit.

  1. Centre for Ageing Better (2021) op cit.

  2. Martin (2018) op cit.

  3. Petrie K. (2020) op cit.

  4. Centre for Ageing Better (2021) Shut out: how employers and recruiters are overlooking the talents of over 50s workers, Centre for Ageing Better.

  5. Winterbotham M., Kik G., Selner S. and Whittaker S. (2020) Employer Skills Survey 2019: Summary report, Department for Education.

  1. Crawford et al. (2021) op cit.

  2. TUC (2021) Extending working lives: How to support older workers, TUC.

  3. International Longevity Centre (2014) The Missing Million: Illuminating the employment challenges of the over 50s, Business in the Community, London.

  4. Petrie K. (2020) op cit.

  5. Parsons D. and Walsh K. (2019) Employment support for the over 50s: Rapid Evidence Review, Centre for Ageing Better.

  6. Learning and Work Institute (2020) op cit.

  7. Hasluck C. and Green A.E. (2007) ‘What works for whom? A review of evidence and meta-analysis for the Department for Work and Pensions’, Department for Work and Pensions Research Report 407.

  8. Parsons D. and Walsh K. (2019) op cit.

  1. TUC (2021) op cit.

  2. Learning and Work Institute (2020) op cit.

  3. Parsons D. and Walsh K. (2019) op cit.; Business in the Community (2016) Age in the workplace: retain, retrain, recruit. Business in the Community.

  4. Boys J. (2019) op cit.

  5. Centre for Ageing Better (2017) op cit.

  6. Parsons D. and Walsh K. (2019) op cit.

  7. Cebr (2021) op cit.

  1. Parsons D. and Walsh K. (2019) op cit. page 8.

  2. Hasluck C. and Green A. (2007) op cit.

  3. Shift (2021) op cit.

  4. Hurrell D.L., Hughes C. and Ball E. (2017) Local employment charters: case studies from the UK. Manchester: University of Manchester, Joseph Rowntree Foundation and Oxfam; Evans S. and Aldridge F. (2021) op cit.

 

 

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